# Project: Binary Search Trees

## Introduction

You have learned about [binary search trees](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binary_search_tree) -- where you take a group of data items and turn them into a tree full of nodes where each left node is "lower" than each right node. The tree starts with the "root node" and any node with no children is called a "leaf node". You have also learned about tree traversal algorithms like breadth-first and depth-first.

Now, let's take a look at balanced binary search trees (BST). Read [this article](https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/sorted-array-to-balanced-bst/) and watch [this video](https://youtu.be/VCTP81Ij-EM) to understand the basic algorithm used to build a balanced BST. Although these two resources do not use Ruby, you should understand it enough to develop your own pseudocode.

## Assignment

You'll build a balanced BST in this assignment. Do not use duplicate values because they make it more complicated and result in trees that are much harder to balance. Therefore, be sure to always remove duplicate values or check for an existing value before inserting.

1. Build a `Node` class. It should have an attribute for the data it stores as well as its left and right children. As a bonus, try including the `Comparable` module and compare nodes using their data attribute.
2. Build a `Tree` class which accepts an array when initialized. The `Tree` class should have a `root` attribute which uses the return value of `#build_tree` which you'll write next.
3. Write a `#build_tree` method which takes an array of data (e.g. \[1, 7, 4, 23, 8, 9, 4, 3, 5, 7, 9, 67, 6345, 324]) and turns it into a balanced binary tree full of `Node` objects appropriately placed (don't forget to sort and remove duplicates!). The `#build_tree` method should return the level-1 root node.
4. Write an `#insert` and `#delete` method which accepts a value to insert/delete (you'll have to deal with several cases for delete such as when a node has children or not). If you need additional resources, check out these two articles on [inserting](https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/binary-search-tree-set-1-search-and-insertion/?ref=lbp) and [deleting](https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/binary-search-tree-set-2-delete/?ref=lbp), or [this video](https://youtu.be/wcIRPqTR3Kc) with several visual examples.
5. Write a `#find` method which accepts a value and returns the node with the given value.
6. Write a `#level_order` method that returns an array of values. This method should traverse the tree in breadth-first level order. This method can be implemented using either iteration or recursion (try implementing both!). **Tip:** You will want to use an array acting as a queue to keep track of all the child nodes that you have yet to traverse and to add new ones to the list (as you saw in the [video](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=86g8jAQug04)).
7. Write `#inorder`, `#preorder`, and `#postorder` methods that returns an array of values. Each method should traverse the tree in their respective depth-first order.
8. Write a `#height` method which accepts a node and returns its height. Height is defined as the number of edges in longest path from a given node to a leaf node.
9. Write a `#depth` method which accepts a node and returns its depth. Depth is defined as the number of edges in path from a given node to the tree's root node.
10. Write a `#balanced?` method which checks if the tree is balanced. A balanced tree is one where the difference between heights of left subtree and right subtree of every node is not more than 1.
11. Write a `#rebalance` method which rebalances an unbalanced tree. **Tip:** You'll want to create a level-order array of the tree before passing the array back into the `#build_tree` method.
12. Write a simple driver script that does the following:
    * Create a binary search tree from an array of random numbers (`Array.new(15) { rand(1..100) }`)
    * Confirm that the tree is balanced by calling `#balanced?`
    * Print out all elements in level, pre, post, and in order
    * Try to unbalance the tree by adding several numbers > 100
    * Confirm that the tree is unbalanced by calling `#balanced?`
    * Balance the tree by calling `#rebalance`
    * Confirm that the tree is balanced by calling `#balanced?`
    * Print out all elements in level, pre, post, and in order

**Tip:** If you would like to visualize your binary search tree, here is a `#pretty_print` method:

```ruby
def pretty_print(node = @root, prefix = '', is_left = true)
  if node.right
    pretty_print(node.right, "#{prefix}#{is_left ? '│   ' : '    '}", false)
  end
  puts "#{prefix}#{is_left ? '└── ' : '┌── '}#{node.data}"
  if node.left
    pretty_print(node.left, "#{prefix}#{is_left ? '    ' : '│   '}", true)
  end
end
```